Sorry gentle man
"HELP TO HELPLESS" by- "INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE - I.P.A.C (" UTHAVUNGAL - ENTHA-UTHAVIYUM ILLATHAVARKALUKKU "-When ,Who one want in mercifully of any , Advice or food with any basic needs from you ) by.E.SENGUTTUVAN .Advocate
Thursday, March 31, 2011
world currencies site
1. http://www.brazil-help.com/banknotes_coins.htm
by Joel Anderson Q. What determines the value of a coin or note?
A. The value of a coin or banknote is determined four factors,
The supply of the item, or how many are are around.
The demand for the item, or how many collectors want it.
The condition of an item. For many coins this is the most important!
Bullion or exchange value. A gold or silver coin usually does not sell for a great deal less than its melt value.
Notice that age is not included as a factor. 1000 year old Chinese coins often sell for a dollar or two, because there are a lot of them around and there are not a lot of collectors for them. On the other hand On the other hand a 1913 Liberty Head Nickel sold for over $1,000,000 because there are only five known. The demand is also important. A 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent has a mintage of 484,000 and sells for hundreds of dollars. Yet there are coins of many countries (Belize, Seychelles, Jamaica) with mintages of less than a tenth of that, yet the coins sell for only a few dollars each, if that. Why? Because there are a lot of collectors for United States Lincoln Cents, well over 484,000, so there is a strong demand for the coin that bids the price up. On the other hand there are very few collectors for coins of many smaller nations such as Belize or Seychelles, so there is a much larger supply of the coin than demand, so the coins go for relatively little, even though they are quite scarce. The same goes for paper money. You may have an old $50 bill from the 1930's, but unless it is in perfect condition, it will probably bring little if any premium. There are just not a lot of people who collect $50 bills, and there enough notes out there that if a collector wants one, they can usually get one in top grade.
For some avidly collected series, such as United States coins, condition plays plays a significant role in the value of a coin, even for mint-state coins. An Uncirculated coin that is absolutely flawless under magnification might bring 1000 times more than one which is Uncirculated, but shows some bag marks or cabinet friction. For other, less avidly series, collectors are not as concerned with quality, so there is a perfect coin brings little if any premium.
When determining the face value of a foreign coin or note, remember many countries will no longer exchange their old coins for a variety of reasons. Sometimes inflation has eroded the value of the original coin or note, and though they may be using the same monetary unit, the old money is no longer accepted. This is true in countries such as Brazil, France, Germany, and Yugoslavia. Other countries will from time to time refuse to exchange certain coins, because of counterfeiting or because of a change in governments. This is true of certain recent French coins. Some countries make it extremely difficult, if not impossible to exchange their money. This true of the coins of the Marshall Islands. Though the coins have a "legal tender" equivalent to United States coins, the coins are not accepted in the Marshall Islands and are almost impossible to exchange. Even if you do have a coin or note that is exchangeable, do not expect to face value for it, unless the person buying it is about to dash off there in the next few days and wants some spending money. Because of the cost of shipping and exchanging coins and notes, plus the need to earn a profit, you may get anywhere from slightly below face value to a small fraction of the face value, depending on the country and the item.
Q. Where can I look up the value of my coin or note?
A. You will need to get the right book. Sorry, but there is no on-line source that lists the value of coins or notes (though I hear one is coming for US coins). You will have to get a coin book or magazine.
For United States Coins I recommend you start off with A Guide Book of United States Coins by R.S. Yeoman. It is commonly called "The Red Book" by collectors and dealers. It provides retail prices for United States coins as well as tells you how to grade coins. It is available in many public libraries and coin shops, or from us on our Books for U.S. Coin Collectors page.
For more up-to-date prices you should check the major coin newspapers and magazines such as Coin World, Numismatic News, Coin Prices or Coinage. They all provide price guides of United States coins, though you may have to wait a few issues to get the guide for the series you want.
For World Coins the most popular guide is a series called The Standard Catalog of World Coins by Krause and Mishler. The books come in a series of volumes, with each volume covering a century. The books are available in many public libraries, either directly or through an inter-library loan (ask your librarian). These and many other books are available on loan to members through the American Numismatic Association (ANA) Library or California State Numismatic Association (CSNA) Library for just the cost of postage Of course we would be more than happy to sell you a copy of your own. Check our Books for Collectors or World Coins page for latest edition and discount prices
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS , 2001-present
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS , 1901-2000,
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS, 1801-1900,
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS, 1701-1800,
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS, 1601-1700,
For World Paper Money we recommend the series called The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money by Albert Pick. It too is available in some libraries and of course, available on our Book page . Most collectors find volumes 2 and 3 the most helpful, depending upon the age of their notes.
Pick, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD PAPER MONEY,
Vol. 1, SPECIALIZED ISSUES,Covers local issues, including Mexican & Russian Revolution issues, Philippine Guerilla notes, etc.
Vol. 2 GENERAL ISSUES. Covers national issues from 1650 to 1960. We use this volume more than the others. Lists and prices over 18,000 notes.
Vol. 3 MODERN ISSUES. Covers notes issued from 1961 to present.
Thousands of notes are illustrated and priced.
For Other Stuff: There are a number of specialized (and narrow ) references for various types of ancient coins, certain medieval coins, tokens, and so forth. Sorry but we can't cover everything on this page, but e-mail us and we can make suggestions.
Sorry, but we are not able to identify or value coins or paper money by telephone.
If you wish to order any of the above books or have further questions you may contact us at
JOEL ANDERSON
INTERESTING WORLD COINS & PAPER MONEY
www.joelscoins.com
PO Box 365 Grover Beach, CA 93483-0365 USA
email: orders@joelscoins.com
2. http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/brazil.html
3. http://leadsmen.info/inx/coins-canada/gandhi
Brazil's old currency (cruzados)?
how much is 35,000 cruzados worth in terms of the US dollar?
Well, it depends, if you'r talking about Cruzados or Cruzados Novos.
Lets say that R$ 2 Reais (current in Brazil now) is equal to 1 US$ Dollar.
Cruzado (Cz$)
From 28/02/1986 till 15/01/1989
One Real woulbe = NCz$/(1000^3*2.75)
This means the value in Cruzados novos divided by 1000000000 multiplicated by 2.75 will lead you to the Real value.
So 35'000 Cruzados Novos would be 7/400000*0.75 OR 0.17500000000000000000000000000000000000… Reais.
That would be 0.000000875 US$ Dollars.
Cruzado Novo (NCz$)
From 16/01/1989 till 15/03/1990
One Real woulbe = NCz$/(1000^2*2.75)
This means the value in Cruzados novos divided by 1000000 multiplicated by 2.75 will lead you to the Real value.
So 35'000 Cruzados Novos would be 7/400*0.75 OR 0.17500000000000000000000000000000000000… Reais.
And this would be 0.0875 US$ Dollars
But you can sell thoes for some collection fanantic.
Lets say that R$ 2 Reais (current in Brazil now) is equal to 1 US$ Dollar.
Cruzado (Cz$)
From 28/02/1986 till 15/01/1989
One Real woulbe = NCz$/(1000^3*2.75)
This means the value in Cruzados novos divided by 1000000000 multiplicated by 2.75 will lead you to the Real value.
So 35'000 Cruzados Novos would be 7/400000*0.75 OR 0.17500000000000000000000000000000000000… Reais.
That would be 0.000000875 US$ Dollars.
Cruzado Novo (NCz$)
From 16/01/1989 till 15/03/1990
One Real woulbe = NCz$/(1000^2*2.75)
This means the value in Cruzados novos divided by 1000000 multiplicated by 2.75 will lead you to the Real value.
So 35'000 Cruzados Novos would be 7/400*0.75 OR 0.17500000000000000000000000000000000000… Reais.
And this would be 0.0875 US$ Dollars
But you can sell thoes for some collection fanantic.
Source(s):Brazilian Federal Government Law page: https://www.planalto.gov.br/legisla.htm
A good conversion table: http://www.portaldefinancas.com/conversa…
http://www.joelscoins.com/worth.htm
http://www.joelscoins.com/worth.htm
What is My Coin (or Note) Worth?
A. The value of a coin or banknote is determined four factors,
Notice that age is not included as a factor. 1000 year old Chinese coins often sell for a dollar or two, because there are a lot of them around and there are not a lot of collectors for them. On the other hand On the other hand a 1913 Liberty Head Nickel sold for over $1,000,000 because there are only five known. The demand is also important. A 1909-S VDB Lincoln cent has a mintage of 484,000 and sells for hundreds of dollars. Yet there are coins of many countries (Belize, Seychelles, Jamaica) with mintages of less than a tenth of that, yet the coins sell for only a few dollars each, if that. Why? Because there are a lot of collectors for United States Lincoln Cents, well over 484,000, so there is a strong demand for the coin that bids the price up. On the other hand there are very few collectors for coins of many smaller nations such as Belize or Seychelles, so there is a much larger supply of the coin than demand, so the coins go for relatively little, even though they are quite scarce. The same goes for paper money. You may have an old $50 bill from the 1930's, but unless it is in perfect condition, it will probably bring little if any premium. There are just not a lot of people who collect $50 bills, and there enough notes out there that if a collector wants one, they can usually get one in top grade.
For some avidly collected series, such as United States coins, condition plays plays a significant role in the value of a coin, even for mint-state coins. An Uncirculated coin that is absolutely flawless under magnification might bring 1000 times more than one which is Uncirculated, but shows some bag marks or cabinet friction. For other, less avidly series, collectors are not as concerned with quality, so there is a perfect coin brings little if any premium.
When determining the face value of a foreign coin or note, remember many countries will no longer exchange their old coins for a variety of reasons. Sometimes inflation has eroded the value of the original coin or note, and though they may be using the same monetary unit, the old money is no longer accepted. This is true in countries such as Brazil, France, Germany, and Yugoslavia. Other countries will from time to time refuse to exchange certain coins, because of counterfeiting or because of a change in governments. This is true of certain recent French coins. Some countries make it extremely difficult, if not impossible to exchange their money. This true of the coins of the Marshall Islands. Though the coins have a "legal tender" equivalent to United States coins, the coins are not accepted in the Marshall Islands and are almost impossible to exchange. Even if you do have a coin or note that is exchangeable, do not expect to face value for it, unless the person buying it is about to dash off there in the next few days and wants some spending money. Because of the cost of shipping and exchanging coins and notes, plus the need to earn a profit, you may get anywhere from slightly below face value to a small fraction of the face value, depending on the country and the item.
Q. Where can I look up the value of my coin or note?
A. You will need to get the right book. Sorry, but there is no on-line source that lists the value of coins or notes (though I hear one is coming for US coins). You will have to get a coin book or magazine.
For United States Coins I recommend you start off with A Guide Book of United States Coins by R.S. Yeoman. It is commonly called "The Red Book" by collectors and dealers. It provides retail prices for United States coins as well as tells you how to grade coins. It is available in many public libraries and coin shops, or from us on our Books for U.S. Coin Collectors page.
For more up-to-date prices you should check the major coin newspapers and magazines such as Coin World, Numismatic News, Coin Prices or Coinage. They all provide price guides of United States coins, though you may have to wait a few issues to get the guide for the series you want.
For World Coins the most popular guide is a series called The Standard Catalog of World Coins by Krause and Mishler. The books come in a series of volumes, with each volume covering a century. The books are available in many public libraries, either directly or through an inter-library loan (ask your librarian). These and many other books are available on loan to members through the American Numismatic Association (ANA) Library or California State Numismatic Association (CSNA) Library for just the cost of postage Of course we would be more than happy to sell you a copy of your own. Check our Books for Collectors or World Coins page for latest edition and discount prices
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS , 2001-present
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS , 1901-2000,
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS, 1801-1900,
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS, 1701-1800,
Krause and Mishler, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD COINS, 1601-1700,
For World Paper Money we recommend the series called The Standard Catalog of World Paper Money by Albert Pick. It too is available in some libraries and of course, available on our Book page . Most collectors find volumes 2 and 3 the most helpful, depending upon the age of their notes.
Pick, STANDARD CATALOG OF WORLD PAPER MONEY,
Vol. 1, SPECIALIZED ISSUES,Covers local issues, including Mexican & Russian Revolution issues, Philippine Guerilla notes, etc.
Vol. 2 GENERAL ISSUES. Covers national issues from 1650 to 1960. We use this volume more than the others. Lists and prices over 18,000 notes.
Vol. 3 MODERN ISSUES. Covers notes issued from 1961 to present.
Thousands of notes are illustrated and priced.
For Other Stuff: There are a number of specialized (and narrow ) references for various types of ancient coins, certain medieval coins, tokens, and so forth. Sorry but we can't cover everything on this page, but e-mail us and we can make suggestions.
Sorry, but we are not able to identify or value coins or paper money by telephone.
If you wish to order any of the above books or have further questions you may contact us at
INTERESTING WORLD COINS & PAPER MONEY
www.joelscoins.com
Joel Anderson
email: orders@joelscoins.com
2. http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/brazil.html
3. http://leadsmen.info/inx/coins-canada/gandhi
Friday, March 25, 2011
personal use number
Date N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 S1 S2
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31 Mar 2006 (Friday) 3 20 31 45 50 6 7
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10 Mar 2006 (Friday) 1 21 33 45 49 4 8
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24 Feb 2006 (Friday) 1 11 18 19 47 3 7
17 Feb 2006 (Friday) 4 23 24 26 38 2 4
10 Feb 2006 (Friday) 5 6 38 48 50 6 7
3 Feb 2006 (Friday) 9 21 30 39 50 1 3
27 Jan 2006 (Friday) 9 15 21 40 49 1 4
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13 Jan 2006 (Friday) 8 12 19 33 34 1 6
6 Jan 2006 (Friday) 2 6 9 14 26 4 5
30 Dec 2005 (Friday) 8 16 19 43 45 1 4
23 Dec 2005 (Friday) 15 31 36 37 42 1 7
16 Dec 2005 (Friday) 2 3 15 18 32 6 7
9 Dec 2005 (Friday) 11 18 35 38 42 1 5
2 Dec 2005 (Friday) 1 9 20 23 30 4 7
25 Nov 2005 (Friday) 1 6 27 39 47 1 6
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11 Nov 2005 (Friday) 15 16 36 41 42 3 5
4 Nov 2005 (Friday) 26 36 37 38 42 2 6
28 Oct 2005 (Friday) 14 36 44 47 50 3 5
21 Oct 2005 (Friday) 1 14 19 29 33 1 8
14 Oct 2005 (Friday) 10 11 19 20 23 1 6
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30 Sep 2005 (Friday) 6 11 47 48 50 1 6
23 Sep 2005 (Friday) 1 26 31 34 47 4 9
16 Sep 2005 (Friday) 12 13 19 21 38 3 9
9 Sep 2005 (Friday) 8 12 19 31 50 6 7
2 Sep 2005 (Friday) 3 4 14 43 50 3 6
26 Aug 2005 (Friday) 9 29 35 40 41 1 6
19 Aug 2005 (Friday) 11 24 29 31 41 1 3
12 Aug 2005 (Friday) 15 23 30 37 40 7 9
5 Aug 2005 (Friday) 2 11 21 22 30 4 6
29 Jul 2005 (Friday) 3 19 26 49 50 4 5
22 Jul 2005 (Friday) 3 14 41 48 49 1 4
15 Jul 2005 (Friday) 1 11 12 23 42 3 6
8 Jul 2005 (Friday) 35 36 42 46 49 2 8
1 Jul 2005 (Friday) 4 5 23 25 28 3 4
24 Jun 2005 (Friday) 6 8 14 15 45 7 8
17 Jun 2005 (Friday) 4 8 10 18 21 1 7
10 Jun 2005 (Friday) 6 7 32 37 47 1 7
3 Jun 2005 (Friday) 3 8 11 17 50 1 5
27 May 2005 (Friday) 2 24 31 48 50 4 9
20 May 2005 (Friday) 6 7 13 28 47 5 8
13 May 2005 (Friday) 12 17 31 32 40 2 9
6 May 2005 (Friday) 7 12 21 26 44 6 8
29 Apr 2005 (Friday) 3 9 35 39 42 1 8
22 Apr 2005 (Friday) 3 10 13 24 47 5 9
15 Apr 2005 (Friday) 6 28 31 38 42 3 9
8 Apr 2005 (Friday) 7 11 25 31 50 1 3
1 Apr 2005 (Friday) 25 26 41 44 47 3 7
25 Mar 2005 (Friday) 4 29 33 37 38 6 9
18 Mar 2005 (Friday) 6 23 39 43 48 5 7
11 Mar 2005 (Friday) 8 12 23 40 43 1 4
4 Mar 2005 (Friday) 12 24 32 37 39 7 9
25 Feb 2005 (Friday) 3 27 30 43 44 4 8
18 Feb 2005 (Friday) 20 21 26 32 46 8 9
11 Feb 2005 (Friday) 11 13 25 32 50 4 7
4 Feb 2005 (Friday) 1 8 11 30 40 7 8
28 Jan 2005 (Friday) 7 21 26 43 45 5 7
21 Jan 2005 (Friday) 10 12 14 24 26 5 8
14 Jan 2005 (Friday) 6 11 14 19 29 1 3
7 Jan 2005 (Friday) 3 23 27 47 50 2 3
31 Dec 2004 (Friday) 7 8 24 25 47 8 9
24 Dec 2004 (Friday) 3 4 27 29 37 5 6
17 Dec 2004 (Friday) 15 19 22 46 49 2 9
10 Dec 2004 (Friday) 1 3 13 16 43 2 7
3 Dec 2004 (Friday) 1 11 15 42 49 3 4
26 Nov 2004 (Friday) 1 4 24 34 36 6 8
19 Nov 2004 (Friday) 1 18 29 34 37 2 6
12 Nov 2004 (Friday) 4 11 12 13 32 3 9
5 Nov 2004 (Friday) 6 19 25 42 49 1 7
29 Oct 2004 (Friday) 1 8 32 35 38 4 9
22 Oct 2004 (Friday) 1 9 23 25 40 3 9
15 Oct 2004 (Friday) 14 21 22 37 43 5 8
8 Oct 2004 (Friday) 1 10 12 16 48 2 6
1 Oct 2004 (Friday) 12 20 21 45 48 5 6
24 Sep 2004 (Friday) 21 26 27 44 48 1 7
17 Sep 2004 (Friday) 15 18 29 39 41 5 8
10 Sep 2004 (Friday) 5 25 33 36 38 2 5
3 Sep 2004 (Friday) 8 12 14 15 34 6 7
27 Aug 2004 (Friday) 1 11 22 28 44 1 9
20 Aug 2004 (Friday) 6 9 10 27 35 6 8
13 Aug 2004 (Friday) 20 27 41 43 50 5 8
6 Aug 2004 (Friday) 5 15 24 35 44 5 6
30 Jul 2004 (Friday) 9 10 19 37 50 1 6
23 Jul 2004 (Friday) 7 10 27 31 34 3 8
16 Jul 2004 (Friday) 24 26 31 38 50 5 8
9 Jul 2004 (Friday) 2 5 12 19 44 8 9
2 Jul 2004 (Friday) 4 23 24 28 34 1 3
25 Jun 2004 (Friday) 3 21 30 34 35 1 2
18 Jun 2004 (Friday) 2 23 28 40 43 2 6
11 Jun 2004 (Friday) 2 7 8 10 47 1 7
4 Jun 2004 (Friday) 9 13 34 41 42 3 7
28 May 2004 (Friday) 6 11 35 41 44 5 6
21 May 2004 (Friday) 15 29 37 39 49 4 9
14 May 2004 (Friday) 1 3 21 32 39 2 6
7 May 2004 (Friday) 15 16 21 36 38 1 5
30 Apr 2004 (Friday) 5 6 16 23 27 6 7
23 Apr 2004 (Friday) 6 10 21 45 49 3 5
16 Apr 2004 (Friday) 14 15 28 35 40 1 3
9 Apr 2004 (Friday) 1 4 10 19 23 2 8
2 Apr 2004 (Friday) 4 12 24 27 36 2 9
26 Mar 2004 (Friday) 3 4 10 23 43 2 4
19 Mar 2004 (Friday) 33 36 37 42 45 4 9
12 Mar 2004 (Friday) 15 24 28 44 47 4 5
5 Mar 2004 (Friday) 4 7 33 37 39 1 5
27 Feb 2004 (Friday) 14 18 19 31 37 4 5
20 Feb 2004 (Friday) 7 13 39 47 50 2 5
13 Feb 2004 (Friday) 16 29 32 36 4
Monday, March 21, 2011
formate of right information application with sending procedure
FORMATE OF RIGHT INFORMATION APPLICATION;
TAMILNADU RIGHT TO INFORMATION RULES
1. APPLICATION:
State rules do not provide for any format for application for seeking information under RTI Act 2005. Applicants can therefore use format annexed herewith
2. FEES:
A] Application Fee
Fee of Rs.10/- which can be paid by affixing non-judicial court fee stamp on the application and cross signing by the applicant. This stamp is available with stamp vendors in/near courts. There are other modes of payment of Rs.10/-, which are costly and inconvenient. They are:
· By Demand Draft or Bankers’ Cheque in the name of Accounts Officer, name of dept/office to which application is submitted payable at the place where application is filed.
· By depositing in SBI / RBI through any Government treasury, sub-Treasury / Pay and Accounts Office under the following head of Account: 0075. Miscellaneous General Services – 800. Other Receipts – BK. Collection of fees under Tamil Nadu Right to Information (Fees Rules) 2005.(DPC: 0075 00 800 BK 0006)
· By direct payment in cash in offices with facilities to receive Cash against proper receipt.
B] Other charges:
· Fee payable is Rs.2/- per page created / copied for A4 / A3 sizes; actual charges for larger paper;
· Actual cost / price for samples / models;
· For inspection of records Rs.5/- per hour or part thereof. First hour is free.
· Rs.50/- per floppy / diskette where information is available in that form;
· Actual cost of books and other printed matter.
Charges can be paid in the mode stated under A supra
3. APPEALS:
a. Rules provide no format for first/second appeal or complaint.
b. No fees are charged for appeals.
c. Guidelines and suggested formats for appeals/complaint are available at following locations which can be suitably amended with minor changes.
http://www.rtiindia.org/guide/how-to...l-under-rti-2/
http://www.rtiindia.org/guide/how-to-use-your-right-to-information-4/how-to-file-a-second-appeal-under-rti-3/
Second appeal/complaint should be addressed to the State Information Commission at following address and not to Central Information Commission,
4. ADDRESS OF STATE INFORMATION COMMISSION:
TamilNadu State Information Commission
Kamadhenu Co-operative Supermarket Building, 1st Floor, Teynampet, (Near Vanavil) ,Old No.273, New No.378, Anna Salai, Chennai - 600 018 ,(Post Box No. 6405, Teynampet, Chennai - 600 0185.
5. CONTACT DETAILS
Phone : 044 - 24357580 Email : sic@tn.nic.in
Website: www.tnsic.gov.in
6. Present Chief Information Commissioner:
Thiru S. Ramakrishnan, IAS (Retd.)
7. Proactive disclosures and names of SPIO and First Appellate Authority of the Commission are not available on its website
8. Format for RTI Application
THE RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT 2005
APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING INFORMATION
Date________ By regd./speed post AD
To,
STATE PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICER,
Dept/Office________________________
Place______________________________
1. Name of the Applicant:
2. Full Address with phone No;
3. Particulars of information required, which kindly provide:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Details of payment of application fee:
Non-judicial court fee stamp of Rs.10/- is affixed on the top hereinabove. OR Demand draft/banker’s cheque No. _______dtd. ______for Rs.10/- is enclosed. OR Cash of Rs.10/- has been paid against enclosed original receipt No.________dtd__________of your dept.
5. Details of enclosures [if any]: Photocopies of _______
Encls: Signature of Applicant
9. Short guidelines:
1. Decide the exact information you desire to have with period etc. This is important part of application. Make sure that information pertains to Tamilnadu Govt/organization.
2. Locate the exact SPIO/ASPIO and his address of concerned Govt. office by visiting website of relevant ministry/dept/undertaking etc [called Public Authority i.e. PA] or by contacting on phone local office of PA. Visit official website of TN Govt- tn.gov.in
3. If you cannot get it as above, address application to SPIO of Head Office/ Secretariate of relevant ministry/P.A. to whom the information may pertain. He will mail to correct SPIO within five days of receipt of your application. For information of a district, send to SPIO of Collectorate/head of the district.
4. Obtain bank draft/banker’s cheque in favour of Accounts Officer of the PA or as directed in web-site. Non-judicial court fee stamp should be preferred, it being cost effective and convenient.
5. Attach self-attested photocopies of papers, which you think would help locate the information by SPIO.
6. Retain photocopy of entire set including bank draft/banker’s cheque etc.
7. Mail by speed/regd. AD post. Avoid courier/hand delivery. Usually RTI applicants are not welcome at govt. offices.
8. Carefully retain postal proof of mailing and AD
9. Proceed to file first appeal if no reply is received within 35-40 days from mailing application. If reply is received, but is not proper then you have to file first appeal within 30 days of receipt of reply.
Saturday, March 19, 2011
http://www.cointalk.com/t65426/
Q:Who were the reciepients of the copper iridium lebbo coins issued by the British East India Company in 1616?
Ans.:
You are assuming that the East India Company "introduced" Lebbo coins in 1616, a story being propagated by half-informed rumour-mongers. There is no numismatic record of the East India Company having issued such coins for the purpose of trade. There were no such "coins" introduced either in the form of currency or as legal tender. The lebbo coin exists, but the story is quite different from what is often rumoured. First of all it must be understood that the Lebbo was not a coin. It was not intended for trade. It was created from an alloy of metals found in a meteorite, and the British were involved in its manufacture only because they had a small gun-factory at Surat that these Indian metallurgists were allowed to use by order of the King of Surat. The British involvement can be noted by the English alphabets occurring on one face of the so-called "coin". In 1616, The East India Company consisted of a hand-full of sailors. They were not in power. They had not even conceived of the idea of ruling India. They were a small group of businessmen begging the King of Surat for some land to establish their godowns. They had not even traveled to or seen the rest of India. Most of India was ruled by the Mughals (Jahangir). Where was the question of the East India Company issuing coins in India?
NUMISMATIC COINS - First let us understand how coins as a means of trade evolved. It is very difficult to know today where the concept of coinage first evolved, but based on available evidences, it appears that the concept of money (as coins, which by definition here would be a piece of metal of defined weight stamped with symbol of authority for financial transaction), was conceived by three different civilizations independently and almost simultaneously. Coins were introduced as a means to trade things of daily usage in Asia minor, India and China in 6th century BC. Most historians agree that the first coins of world were issued by Greeks living in Lydia and Ionia (located on the western coast of modern Turkey). These first coins were globules of Electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. These were crude coins of definite weight stamped with incuse punches issued by the local authorities in 650 BC.
Most likely the first coins of India were minted just before 5th century BC in northern and central India. Although, few historian have suggested (based on vedic records) that India minted perhaps the first coins of the world which were introduced even earlier than Lydian/Ionian coins, in 8th century BC; most western scholars do not agree with this theory. Both, literary and archaeological evidence confirm that the Indians invented coinage somewhere between 5th to 6th century BC.
THE LEBBO - Coming back to your question of the Lebbo "coin", it must be understood that India had innumerable medals, medallions, talismans, temple-tokens, royal tokens, engraved metals, punch-marked coins, value-redeemable metal seals, leather coins, lockets etc., that do not necessarily conform to standard numismatics but which were being produced in every kingdom and region for 2000 years before the British landed in India. Many are still being discovered. Because they were manufactured, minted or cast in small quantities, because they served some purpose (as a reward, as a religious ceremony, as a gift during weddings, etc.) other than trade, their history is often very difficult to trace. But this does not mean that they didn't exist. However, as with alchemy and ayurveda, experiments were conducted by scholars utilizing various metals, herbs and naturally occurring elements for the purpose of studying medicine, chemistry etc.
Much of what is often rumored about the lebbo coin is heresy, though some are very true.
So what is true? (1) Yes, they were made in a gun-foundry in Surat (2) The purpose for their manufacture is not known. The British assumed it was for some local religious purpose, but the Englishmen were allowed to put their insignia on one side of the coin. A fault in the mould caused "EIC" to become "EID" (3) Its manufacture was done based on some ancient Sanskrit texts. (4) Detailed astronomical study was done before its manufacture. (5) eight "pairs" of coins were made (6) They were made during a solar eclipse as per the instructions in the text.
For some unknown reason the sixteen pieces were believed to have been transported to the Andaman Islands some years later, and believed to have been lost in the jetty in what later came to be known as Port Blair. Many believe that people involved in the manufacture in 1616 were struck by unknown disease. At the time when they were made, they were not called "lebbo". This was a name given after 1945 by some researchers. It is an abbreviation for "Light Emitting Bionic Bi-polar Orb" a code name for a specific application they had developed in Germany during the Nazi regime.
Some of these coins show peculiar characteristics, which is not surprising considering they were made of rare and unknown alloy mixed with copper. They have antique, curio and intrinsic value if a genuine one can be found. It is rumored that they emit radiation and may be radio-active. Which makes it illegal to possess them. Some attribute unimaginable value to it which is not realistic.
I have examined many fakes in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. On one occasion I examined a genuine Lebbo coin which showed some form of radiation, causing dry cells to corrupt, interfering with electrical and electronic equipment and causing mild changes in water temperature when it is immersed in it. Out of curiosity I checked the metal piece many times. The results were however never consistent and sometimes very anomalous. It was oval and weighed about 154 gms. I refused to either get involved in its trading or in any transaction related to it.
The Lebbo is a current rage among collectors. It is also a vehicle for racketeers who form so-called "Companies" and collect "testing fees" from gullible investors, posing as buyers. Some Govt. agencies - from namely the UK, USA and West Germany (before unification) showed interest in some scientific applications utilizing these coins in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Nothing much is known about these enquiries since. Today there is a mix of mystery, truth, rumors and some ridiculous claims surrounding the Lebbo coins.
CONCLUSION - Personally I know they exist. I have tested one that appeared to be genuine. There was no trickery involved as I tested it on my own with full freedom to form my own opinion. It was exactly as described in some magazine articles I had read many years ago. It had "1616" on it and it also showed a fault in the mould (EID), two snakes, three points, the sun, moon, stars etc. It was hand-made. And it weighed about 154 gms.
Ans.:
You are assuming that the East India Company "introduced" Lebbo coins in 1616, a story being propagated by half-informed rumour-mongers. There is no numismatic record of the East India Company having issued such coins for the purpose of trade. There were no such "coins" introduced either in the form of currency or as legal tender. The lebbo coin exists, but the story is quite different from what is often rumoured. First of all it must be understood that the Lebbo was not a coin. It was not intended for trade. It was created from an alloy of metals found in a meteorite, and the British were involved in its manufacture only because they had a small gun-factory at Surat that these Indian metallurgists were allowed to use by order of the King of Surat. The British involvement can be noted by the English alphabets occurring on one face of the so-called "coin". In 1616, The East India Company consisted of a hand-full of sailors. They were not in power. They had not even conceived of the idea of ruling India. They were a small group of businessmen begging the King of Surat for some land to establish their godowns. They had not even traveled to or seen the rest of India. Most of India was ruled by the Mughals (Jahangir). Where was the question of the East India Company issuing coins in India?
NUMISMATIC COINS - First let us understand how coins as a means of trade evolved. It is very difficult to know today where the concept of coinage first evolved, but based on available evidences, it appears that the concept of money (as coins, which by definition here would be a piece of metal of defined weight stamped with symbol of authority for financial transaction), was conceived by three different civilizations independently and almost simultaneously. Coins were introduced as a means to trade things of daily usage in Asia minor, India and China in 6th century BC. Most historians agree that the first coins of world were issued by Greeks living in Lydia and Ionia (located on the western coast of modern Turkey). These first coins were globules of Electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. These were crude coins of definite weight stamped with incuse punches issued by the local authorities in 650 BC.
Most likely the first coins of India were minted just before 5th century BC in northern and central India. Although, few historian have suggested (based on vedic records) that India minted perhaps the first coins of the world which were introduced even earlier than Lydian/Ionian coins, in 8th century BC; most western scholars do not agree with this theory. Both, literary and archaeological evidence confirm that the Indians invented coinage somewhere between 5th to 6th century BC.
THE LEBBO - Coming back to your question of the Lebbo "coin", it must be understood that India had innumerable medals, medallions, talismans, temple-tokens, royal tokens, engraved metals, punch-marked coins, value-redeemable metal seals, leather coins, lockets etc., that do not necessarily conform to standard numismatics but which were being produced in every kingdom and region for 2000 years before the British landed in India. Many are still being discovered. Because they were manufactured, minted or cast in small quantities, because they served some purpose (as a reward, as a religious ceremony, as a gift during weddings, etc.) other than trade, their history is often very difficult to trace. But this does not mean that they didn't exist. However, as with alchemy and ayurveda, experiments were conducted by scholars utilizing various metals, herbs and naturally occurring elements for the purpose of studying medicine, chemistry etc.
Much of what is often rumored about the lebbo coin is heresy, though some are very true.
So what is true? (1) Yes, they were made in a gun-foundry in Surat (2) The purpose for their manufacture is not known. The British assumed it was for some local religious purpose, but the Englishmen were allowed to put their insignia on one side of the coin. A fault in the mould caused "EIC" to become "EID" (3) Its manufacture was done based on some ancient Sanskrit texts. (4) Detailed astronomical study was done before its manufacture. (5) eight "pairs" of coins were made (6) They were made during a solar eclipse as per the instructions in the text.
For some unknown reason the sixteen pieces were believed to have been transported to the Andaman Islands some years later, and believed to have been lost in the jetty in what later came to be known as Port Blair. Many believe that people involved in the manufacture in 1616 were struck by unknown disease. At the time when they were made, they were not called "lebbo". This was a name given after 1945 by some researchers. It is an abbreviation for "Light Emitting Bionic Bi-polar Orb" a code name for a specific application they had developed in Germany during the Nazi regime.
Some of these coins show peculiar characteristics, which is not surprising considering they were made of rare and unknown alloy mixed with copper. They have antique, curio and intrinsic value if a genuine one can be found. It is rumored that they emit radiation and may be radio-active. Which makes it illegal to possess them. Some attribute unimaginable value to it which is not realistic.
I have examined many fakes in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. On one occasion I examined a genuine Lebbo coin which showed some form of radiation, causing dry cells to corrupt, interfering with electrical and electronic equipment and causing mild changes in water temperature when it is immersed in it. Out of curiosity I checked the metal piece many times. The results were however never consistent and sometimes very anomalous. It was oval and weighed about 154 gms. I refused to either get involved in its trading or in any transaction related to it.
The Lebbo is a current rage among collectors. It is also a vehicle for racketeers who form so-called "Companies" and collect "testing fees" from gullible investors, posing as buyers. Some Govt. agencies - from namely the UK, USA and West Germany (before unification) showed interest in some scientific applications utilizing these coins in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Nothing much is known about these enquiries since. Today there is a mix of mystery, truth, rumors and some ridiculous claims surrounding the Lebbo coins.
CONCLUSION - Personally I know they exist. I have tested one that appeared to be genuine. There was no trickery involved as I tested it on my own with full freedom to form my own opinion. It was exactly as described in some magazine articles I had read many years ago. It had "1616" on it and it also showed a fault in the mould (EID), two snakes, three points, the sun, moon, stars etc. It was hand-made. And it weighed about 154 gms.
Thursday, March 17, 2011
French Alphabet and Pronunciation of French Language
The French alphabet (l'alphabet français) by e.seran senguttuvan | ||||||||||||
A a | B b | C c | D d | E e | F f | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m |
[ɑ] | [be] | [se] | [de] | [ə] | [ɛf] | [ʒe] | [aʃ] | [i] | [ʒi] | [ka] | [ɛl] | [ɛm] |
N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z |
[ɛn] | [o] | [pe] | [ky] | [ɛʀ] | [ɛs] | [te] | [y] | [ve] | [dubləve] | [iks] | [igʀɛk] | [zɛd] |
Learn French Alphabets :: Fastest Way To Learn French
I think anyone starting to learn a language will find alphabets as the beginning point. If this is the first time you are learning a language beside your native language, then take this page with special importance. It is the starting line on your race to becoming a French Language expert. Good luck friend!
French Alphabets - L'Alphabet Français;French Alphabet and Pronunciation of French Language
The French alphabet is exactly the same as the English alphabet, except the letters are pronounced differently. Following are the approximate French pronunciations for each letter. For related topics, please click on French Language.Letter Pronouncation Letter Pronuncation;
Model (1)
french alphabets
A -ah (it is pronounce like the ‘a’ in cat)
B -bay
C -say
D -day
E -er
F -f (it is pronounce like the english ‘f’)
G -jay
H -ash
I -e (it is pronounce like the english ‘e’)
J -jee
K -ca
L -l (it is pronounce like the english ‘l’)
M -m (it is pronounce like the english
N -n (it is pronounce like the english )
O -o (it is pronounce like the english )
P -pay
Q -ku
R -air
S -s (it is pronounce like the english )
T -tay
U -ew
V -they
W -doublethey
X -ix (like in six)
Y -egrek
Z -z (it is pronounce like the english )
Model (2)
A ah N en
B bay O op
C say P pay
D day Q koo
E uk R ehr
F ef S es
G ghay T tay
H ash U oo
I ee V vay
J jhay W doo-blaw-vay
K ka X ex
L el Y ee-grek
M em Z zed
Model (3)
Letter | Name |
/ɑ/ ah | |
/be/ beh | |
/se/ seh | |
/de/ deh | |
/ø/ uh | |
/ɛf/ eff | |
/ʒe/ zheh | |
/aʃ/ ahsh | |
/i/ ee | |
/ʒi/ zhee | |
/ka/ kah | |
/ɛl/ ell | |
/ɛm/ em | |
/ɛn/ en | |
/o/ oh | |
/pe/ peh | |
/ky/ koo | |
/ɛʁ/ air | |
/ɛs/ ess | |
/te/ teh | |
/y/ ooh | |
/ve/ veh | |
/dubləve/"double v" doo-blah-yeh | |
/iks/ eeks | |
/iɡʁɛk/ "i grec" (or) ee-grek | |
/zɛd/ zed | |
by e.senguttuvan, batlagundu |
Some of the individual letters can have accents, which change the way they are pronounced. Following are the different versions: â, ç, é, è, ê, î, ï. These are not different or additional letters, they are merely letters with accents.The letter H is not pronounced, or to be more accurate, is pronounced very lightly.The pronunciation of letters is also affected by their position. If the last letter of a word is a consonant, it is not pronounced unless:· the first letter of the next work is a vowel, or · the consonant is a C, F, L, or R. These four consonants are pronounced even if they are at the end of a word. The way to remember this is to remember the word "careful", which has the same four consonants. The French phrase for "How is that spelled?" is "Comment ça s'écrit?".For words with more than one syllable, the stress is always on the last syllable. If you can practice this, your French will be much better understood.
French (français)
The French is called romance(lovable) language. French is spoken by about 265 million people in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, the U.S, Lebanon, French Guiana, north, west and central Africa, Madagascar, some islands in the Indian Ocean, Haiti and other Caribbean islands, Indochina, New Caledonia, the New Hebrides and the French Pacific Territories.
French Alphabet has the same number of letters as English 26, but some of them have “accents” and “cedilla”, that doesn’t make their pronunciation different, only to distinguish them from other similar looking words except the cedilla ç, which is pronounced as “S” and never as “k”. The table below shows how the French letters are pronounced. This french language spoken by about 280 million people in India(pandicherry alias puducherry),France, Belgium, French Guiana, Luxembourg, Canada, Switzerland, Italy, the USA, Lebanon, north, west and central Africa(French is an official language in many African countries, most of them former French or Belgian colonies:
Benin,Burkina Faso,Burundi,Cameroon,Central African Republic,Chad,Comoros,Congo (Brazzaville),Côte d'Ivoire,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Djibouti,Equatorial Guinea (former colony of spain),Gabon,Guinea,Madagascar,Mali,Niger,Rwanda,Senegal,Seychelles,Togo,In addition, French is an administrative language and commonly used, though not on an official basis, in Mauritius and in the Maghreb states:
Algeria (languages of Algeria)
Mauritania (languages of Mauritania)
Morocco (languages of Morocco)
Tunisia (see also languages of Tunisia), Madagascar,a number of islands in the Indian Ocean, Haiti and other Caribbean islands, Indochina, New Caledonia, the New Hebrides and the French Pacific Territories. Basically, french is sweetest language ,but, doubest in pronounciation.
The French language is descended from Latin.Latin language is mother language of european group of languages,Mostly latin speakon peoples are lived in south america.so,south america is called latin america or latin spokened countries.latin is first appeared in writing in 842 AD when it was used in the Strasbourg Oaths. Before then Latin was the language used for literature throughout Europe. During the 10th and 11th centuries, French appeared in a number of documents and religious writings, but French literature didn't start to take off until the late 12th / early 13th century. The first great work of French literature was the 'Chanson de Roland' (Song of Roland), which was published in about 1200.
Dialects of the French language
Acadian French
African French
Aostan French
Belgian French
Cajun French
Cambodian French
Canadian French
French-based creole languages
Guyana French
Indian French
Jersey Legal French
Lao French
Levantine French (most commonly referred to as Lebanese French)
Louisiana Creole French
Mauritian Creole
Maghreb French (see also North African French)
Meridional French
Metropolitan French
Missouri French
New Caledonian French
Newfoundland French
Oceanic French
Quebec French
South East Asian French
Swiss French
Vietnamese French
West Indian French
French Colonial Empire
Learn french from english in my blog
B | C c | G g | H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | M m | ||||
[ɑ] | [be] | [se] | [ə] | [ɛf] | [ʒe] | [aʃ] | [i] | [ʒi] | [ka] | [ɛl] | [ɛm] | |
N n | O o | P p | Q q | R r | S s | T t | U u | V v | W w | X x | Y y | Z z |
[ɛn] | [o] | [pe] | [ky] | [ɛʀ] | [ɛs] | [ve] | [dubləve] | [iks] | [igʀɛk] | [zɛd] | ||
French Alphabet |
Aa as in the word “ask” and never as in the word “able” |
Bb same as in English |
Cc like “s” before "i" or "e" and when it has the cedilla “ç”; otherwise like "k” in Creole. |
Dd same as in English (many words in French alphabet are the same) |
Ee as in “elevated” |
Ff same as in English |
Gg like the "s" in the word “pleasure” before "e" or "i"; otherwise like the "g" in "God", never pronounced as “dj”. |
Hh silent most of the time. |
Ii as in the word “ink” never as in the word “island” |
Jj as in Job, but without the “d” pronounced before the J, never as {djob} but {job} |
Kk same as in English |
Ll same as in English |
Mm same as in English |
Nn same as in English |
Oo same as in English “Old” never as in “Hot” which is pronounced somehow like {hat} |
Pp same as in English |
Qq same as in English |
Rr same as in English but slightly like as in “gh” as in Merci |
Ss same as in English |
Tt same as in English not as sharp. |
Uu as in the “ultra”, never as in the word “up” or “university” |
Vv same as in English |
Ww as in English although rare (mainly found in borrowed words) |
Xx same as in English |
Yy same as in English although rare. |
Zz same as in English |
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